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Springs and Newton’s second law Springs and equilibrium Spring force and elastic energy Springs and graph interpretation Work transfers energy into a spring Work, energy and power3.3 Materials3.4 Dynamics3.2.1 Equilibrium3.2.3 Springs3.4.1 Elastic potential energy Force–extension graphs
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Spring force and elastic energy

OCR A AS Physics · Two ideas, one explanation

The force needed to deform a spring increases during loading. The work done accumulates as elastic potential energy when deformation is elastic.

E = ½Fx = ½kx²

Follow the reasoning

  1. Measure deformation from the natural length.
  2. Identify the spring constant or the force at that deformation.
  3. Use the triangular area under the force–extension graph.
  4. Track where the energy goes when the spring is released.
Specification outcomes (3)
  • 3.4.1(b) State and apply Hooke’s law.
  • 3.4.1(c) Define the force constant k of a spring or wire using F = kx.
  • 3.4.2(b) Calculate elastic potential energy using E = ½Fx or E = ½kx².
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H156 v2.0 · May 2026

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PhysicsUK Solve4 marks

A spring obeys Hooke's law and has a spring constant of 25 N m⁻¹. (a) Calculate the extension produced by a force of 5.0 N. (2) (b) Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in the spring at this extension. (2)

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PhysicsUK Solve15 marks

A technician calibrates the spring bumper of a small instrument trolley. Figure 1 shows the force F needed to compress the spring by x from its natural length. The graph is a straight line through (0, 0), (0.020 m, 1.2 N), (0.040 m, 2.4 N) and (0.060 m, 3.6 N). The trolley has mass 0.60 kg. It is released from rest against the spring at compression 0.060 m on a horizontal track. A constant resistive force of 0.60 N opposes the motion as soon as the trolley moves. The spring's mass is negligible and its deformation is elastic. The trolley loses contact with the spring at its natural length. There are no other energy losses. (a) Use the gradient of the force-compression graph to determine the spring constant. [2] (b) Use the graph to calculate the work needed to compress the spring from its natural length to 0.060 m. [2] (c) Calculate the acceleration just after release, stating its direction relative to the bumper. [3] (d) Calculate the speed when the trolley loses contact with the spring. Account for the work done against resistance. [3] (e) Explain why a single constant-acceleration equation cannot describe the whole interval while the trolley is in contact with the spring. [2] (f) Calculate the distance travelled after losing contact before the trolley stops. Use a constant-acceleration equation for this part. [3]

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