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55 ideas · 69 connections
Charge flow and electrical power Kirchhoff’s first law conserves charge Kirchhoff’s second law tracks energy per charge Internal resistance separates e.m.f. from terminal voltage Build a resistor network from Ohm’s law A potential divider uses shared current Changing resistance makes a voltage sensor Read circuit connections, not the drawing’s shape Accelerating voltage becomes electron kinetic energy LED voltage links electrical and photon energy Charge and current4.1 Energy, power and resistance4.2 Kinetic and potential energies3.3.2 Charge4.1.1 Circuit symbols4.2.1 E.m.f. and potential difference4.2.2 Resistance4.2.3 Series and parallel circuits4.3.1 Internal resistance4.3.2 Potential dividers4.3.3 Photons4.5.1
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Kirchhoff’s second law tracks energy per charge

OCR A AS Physics · Two ideas, one explanation

A complete circuit loop returns each charge to its starting point. Energy supplied per charge balances energy transferred per charge around the loop.

Σe.m.f. = Σpotential drops

Follow the reasoning

  1. Choose a loop and a direction around it.
  2. Assign signs to sources and potential drops consistently.
  3. Combine the loop equation with junction equations if needed.
Specification outcomes (4)
  • 4.2.2(c) Distinguish between e.m.f. and p.d. in terms of energy transfer.
  • 4.2.2(d) Use energy transfer equations W = VQ and W = EQ.
  • 4.3.1(a) Apply Kirchhoff’s second law as conservation of energy in electrical circuits.
  • 4.3.1(b) Apply Kirchhoff’s first and second laws to analyse electrical circuits.
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H156 v2.0 · May 2026

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