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Forces explain changes in motion Motion graphs and constant-acceleration equations Displacement and velocity are vectors One projectile, two motion graphs From a velocity graph to kinetic energy Velocity graphs reveal momentum changes Motion graphs and wave graphs: read the axes Mean drift velocity is a motion quantity Measuring motion without hiding uncertainty Gradients and areas connect motion to data analysis Units keep motion calculations consistent Free fall through motion and energy Resolve a launch velocity before analysing a projectile Maintaining speed requires power Velocity changes connect to momentum conservation Momentum is conserved in more collisions than kinetic energy A force–time graph measures impulse Momentum determines a particle’s wavelength Motion3.1 Forces in action3.2 Analysing1.1.3 SI units2.1.2 Measurements and uncertainty2.2.1 Scalar and vector quantities2.3.1 Kinematics3.1.1 Linear motion3.1.2 Projectile motion3.1.3 Kinetic and potential energies3.3.2 Power3.3.3 Newton’s laws of motion3.5.1 Collisions3.5.2 Mean drift velocity4.1.2 Wave motion4.4.1 Wave–particle duality4.5.3
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Velocity graphs reveal momentum changes

OCR A AS Physics · Two ideas, one explanation

For constant mass, momentum follows velocity. The gradient of a velocity–time graph therefore reveals the rate of change of momentum and the resultant force.

p = mv F = m Δv/Δt

Follow the reasoning

  1. Assign signs to velocities before and after the interval.
  2. Find the change in momentum, retaining the signs.
  3. Divide by the interval to find average resultant force.
Specification outcomes (4)
  • 3.1.1(a) Define and use displacement, instantaneous speed, average speed, velocity and acceleration.
  • 3.1.1(d) Use velocity–time graphs to determine acceleration as the gradient and displacement as the area under the graph, including estimation for non-linear graphs.
  • 3.5.1(b) Define linear momentum, p = mv, and understand its vector nature.
  • 3.5.1(c) Relate net force to rate of change of momentum, F = Δp / Δt, and recognise F = ma as a special case.
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H156 v2.0 · May 2026

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