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Forces explain changes in motion Motion graphs and constant-acceleration equations Displacement and velocity are vectors One projectile, two motion graphs From a velocity graph to kinetic energy Velocity graphs reveal momentum changes Motion graphs and wave graphs: read the axes Mean drift velocity is a motion quantity Measuring motion without hiding uncertainty Gradients and areas connect motion to data analysis Units keep motion calculations consistent Free fall through motion and energy Resolve a launch velocity before analysing a projectile Small length errors can matter greatly in density Maintaining speed requires power Stress and pressure share units, but describe different loading Measuring Young modulus accurately A force–time graph measures impulse Why wire diameter matters in resistivity A Planck-constant experiment needs uncertainty analysis Instrument choice sets the measurement limits Motion3.1 Forces in action3.2 Implementing1.1.2 Analysing1.1.3 SI units2.1.2 Measurements and uncertainty2.2.1 Scalar and vector quantities2.3.1 Kinematics3.1.1 Linear motion3.1.2 Projectile motion3.1.3 Density and pressure3.2.4 Kinetic and potential energies3.3.2 Power3.3.3 Mechanical properties of matter3.4.2 Newton’s laws of motion3.5.1 Mean drift velocity4.1.2 Resistivity4.2.4 Wave motion4.4.1 Photons4.5.1
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Measuring motion without hiding uncertainty

OCR A AS Physics · Two ideas, one explanation

Speed and acceleration are calculated from measured lengths and times. Timing uncertainty can dominate a short interval even when the distance is measured carefully.

v = Δx/Δt

Follow the reasoning

  1. Identify the length and time actually measured by the apparatus.
  2. Combine their uncertainties for the calculated speed.
  3. Use a suitable graph and large gradient triangle when finding acceleration.
Specification outcomes (6)
  • 3.1.1(a) Define and use displacement, instantaneous speed, average speed, velocity and acceleration.
  • 3.1.1(c) Use displacement–time graphs to determine velocity as the gradient.
  • 3.1.1(d) Use velocity–time graphs to determine acceleration as the gradient and displacement as the area under the graph, including estimation for non-linear graphs.
  • 2.2.1(a) Understand systematic errors (including zero errors) and random errors in measurements.
  • 2.2.1(c) Calculate absolute and percentage uncertainties when data are combined by addition, subtraction, multiplication, division or raising to powers.
  • 2.2.1(d) Use graphical treatment of errors and uncertainties, including line of best fit, worst line, absolute and percentage uncertainties, and percentage difference.
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H156 v2.0 · May 2026

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