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Forces explain changes in motion Motion graphs and constant-acceleration equations Displacement and velocity are vectors One projectile, two motion graphs From a velocity graph to kinetic energy Velocity graphs reveal momentum changes Motion graphs and wave graphs: read the axes Mean drift velocity is a motion quantity Measuring motion without hiding uncertainty Gradients and areas connect motion to data analysis Units keep motion calculations consistent Free fall through motion and energy Resolve a launch velocity before analysing a projectile Only the force component along the motion does work Resultant work changes kinetic energy Maintaining speed requires power Velocity changes connect to momentum conservation Momentum is conserved in more collisions than kinetic energy A force–time graph measures impulse Photoelectron energy determines its maximum speed Accelerating voltage becomes electron kinetic energy Motion3.1 Forces in action3.2 Analysing1.1.3 SI units2.1.2 Measurements and uncertainty2.2.1 Scalar and vector quantities2.3.1 Kinematics3.1.1 Linear motion3.1.2 Projectile motion3.1.3 Work and conservation of energy3.3.1 Kinetic and potential energies3.3.2 Power3.3.3 Newton’s laws of motion3.5.1 Collisions3.5.2 Mean drift velocity4.1.2 E.m.f. and potential difference4.2.2 Wave motion4.4.1 The photoelectric effect4.5.2
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From a velocity graph to kinetic energy

OCR A AS Physics · Two ideas, one explanation

A velocity graph tells you the speed at each instant. Squaring that speed gives the dependence of kinetic energy on motion: doubling speed quadruples kinetic energy.

Ek = ½mv²

Follow the reasoning

  1. Read the velocity at each required instant.
  2. Use the magnitude of velocity as speed.
  3. Calculate initial and final kinetic energies and take their difference.
Specification outcomes (3)
  • 3.1.1(a) Define and use displacement, instantaneous speed, average speed, velocity and acceleration.
  • 3.1.1(b) Interpret graphical representations of displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration.
  • 3.3.2(a) Define and calculate kinetic energy, Ek = ½mv², and derive it from first principles.
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H156 v2.0 · May 2026

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